Microeconomics about Fresh Water Supply Essay

Scarcity of fresh water is emerging as the most critical resource issue which world is facing in recent years. The signs of a shrinking water supply can be seen worldwide. Many restaurants no longer provide a free glass of water to diners and cities restrict its use for private pools and gardens. The supply of fresh water is limited, but with the increase in population, the demand of water increases rapidly. We use water faster from our resources than it can be replaced. This paper will discuss the issues regarding fresh water supply in the future with the already shrinking resources and fast growing world population, pollution of major water resources, impact of climate changes and longer drought seasons etc. The major factor of increasing water usage is the faster growth of world’s population. Demand for water is also rising due to increase in economic activities, urbanization and people’s lifestyles. Moreover, increasing population is shrinking the supply of water. Despite the fact that 75 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, only 2. 5 percent of it is fresh water, and three-quarters of that is locked up in the form of glaciers and ice caps in polar areas, where human reach is nearly impossible. Only 0. 3 percent of the water is surface water, found in rivers and lakes. The rest is buried deep in the ground. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) The root cause of current global water crisis, especially in the third world countries, is population and there is a serious need to meet this crisis with modern techniques of water management. In the age of population explosion, more water is required for irrigation and we need to develop a sound planning to utilize water resources. Water scarcity has become a greater concern at present as people were facing shortage of water. Because of overpopulation, mass consumption, misuse, and water pollution, the availability of drinking water per capita is inadequate and shrinking. Because of population growth – coupled with industrialization and urbanization – will result in an increasing demand for water and will have serious consequences on the environment. The connection of Fresh Water and population is much closed, increase in population, urbanization affect the quality and availability of water resources. Also, population growth enhances the demand of fresh water for agriculture use, and house hold consumption. Scares and contaminated water supply also cause health problems. The shortage of water may arises political conflicts among countries, the example is India and Pakistan, both of them shares two or more rivers the India have advantage because he uses upstream water and the left is for Pakistan’s use. But they are not satisfied with all this, and try to get more and more by agreements and table talks. Some times it seems that they both are ready to fight for water, this type of situation is dangerous for the economy of both countries. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Water is a strategic resource in the globe and an important element in many political conflicts. Some have predicted that clean water will become the â€Å"next oil†, making Canada, with this resource in abundance, possibly the richest country in the world. The Middle East region has only 1 percent of the world’s available fresh water, which is shared among 5 percent of the world’s population. Thus, in this region, water is an important strategic resource. By 2025, it is predicted that the countries of the Arabian Peninsula will be using more than double the amount of water naturally available to them. Jordan, for example, has little water, and dams in other countries have reduced its available water sources over the years. Other dispute on water is on river Gangus between India and Bangladesh. India controls the flow to Bangladesh. The two countries have now signed an agreement to use the water of Gangus River equally to prevent further conflicts in future. (Water Politics, 2008) As shortage of water increases by time to time, many countries of the world try to prevent this shortage by making laws and strategies for efficient use of water in house holds and industrial sectors. They attempt to make water reservoirs like dams and barrages to control the flow of water down stream and to fully utilize the river water and make it sure that not a single drop of water wastes. Dams are emerged as the major step which different governments take to overcome the crisis of water. There are at least 40,000 dams that are built to date in the world. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Among these countries, India is the one, who increasingly rely on Dams to meet its water needs. The shortage of water may arises political conflicts among countries, the example is India and Pakistan, both of them uses 2 or more than 2 rivers the India have advantage of having the upstream water of all the major rivers which flow towards Pakistan. Thus there is a high probability of emergence of any new conflict over fresh water between these two countries. There are some other countries which have very little amount of fresh water within their boundaries, so they must use alternate way to get fresh water. They must resort to the conversion of sea water into fresh water to fulfill their needs, not to mention land locked countries. The process is known as Desalination. Without this process they are not able to support there population. The technology is very high energy consuming and is very expensive; it is beyond the reach of most poor countries which facing water shortage, like some countries of Africa. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) The major use of water is in Agriculture sector, industrial sector and by house holds. With the increase in population, the usage requirements are rise proportionally. Increase in population’s living standards, increases per capita water consumption. Increasing Agricultural and Industrial usage reflects improving in living standards. Agriculture Dominates global water use, accounting for 69 percent of all water withdrawals. Industry accounts for about 23 percent, followed by municipal consumption at 8 percent. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) In the coming years, population of world grows rapidly and the per capita consumption of water in coming years shrinks the world’s water resources, as a result the demand for water exceeds more than reserves to provide it. It is expected in future that a large number of countries facing water shortage due to exceeding demand of water. Water demand is also rises due to the growth of industrial usage, rising demand for household consumption and increasing use of water for irrigation to produce more food to feed rising population of world. Take United States of America as an example, while the average American in 1900 just consume 10 cubic meter of water per year for personal and household use, that figure had jumped by an average of 200 cubic meters a year. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Most people in developing countries get their water from a public tap, community wells, rivers, lakes and rain water collected from ponds. As most of the developing countries become urban, people get their water from city water system. As we know that cities are ever growing larger and larger, their demand for water increases with the increase in population. Such growth of population puts pressure on city’s water reservoirs and most of them are unable to provide or fulfill that demand due to lack of resources. In Middle East, the amount of renewable water is declining due to increase in population. â€Å"The practice of heavily subsidizing water is costing Middle East governments dearly, both in terms of revenues and efficiency. Governments in the region, advised by water industry experts, are realizing that a fresh approach is required, one based on managing the region’s scarce water resources, rather than just reacting to uncontrollable consumer demand,† says Edmund O’Sullivan, Chairman of MEED Events. (Mideast faces fresh water crisis, By Staff Writer on Sunday, March 16, 2008) Due to shrinking water supply in Dubai, last month, the Dubai and Water Authority increased the tariff of water and electricity. This was the first time; Dubai has increased the tariff since 1998. â€Å"Tariff increases are bound to be met with resistance, so a gradual approach may be the best way forward. Although the change will not apply to UAE nationals, the biggest consumers of water, it is a step in the right direction. Managing existing water assets better could go some way to reducing the need for new capacity,† O’Sullivan said. (Mideast faces fresh water crisis, By Staff Writer on Sunday, March 16, 2008) Another major cause of shrinking water supply is water pollution; it becomes a major problem for all the countries of world, developed countries in Europe and North America face problems due to water pollution. In many countries of world, especially in developing countries, lakes, rivers and streams are used as receptacles for an assortment of industrial wastes, including untreated and partially treated municipal sewage, industrial poisons, and dangerous chemicals that mix into surface and ground water during agricultural activities. Caught between scare and polluted supply of water, and rising demand from population and industrial sector, most of developing countries are facing difficulties to provide demanded amount of fresh and clean water (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001). As the World Bank has warned, lack of water is likely to be the major factor limiting economic development in the decades to come (Serageldin, 1995). More than half of the world’s rivers are now so polluted that they pose serious health risks. One-third of Africa’s people already endure conditions of water scarcity, and water supplies are in jeopardy in China, India, Japan, Spain, southern France, Australia, the southwestern U. S. and many other parts of Asia and Europe. Rapidly growing populations, ever-increasing pollution, desertification and falling water tables endanger a fragile, finite resource. Toxic chemicals are contaminating water, endangering the world’s most precious supplies of water. Toxic brew of pesticides, nitrogen fertilizers, industrial chemicals, and heavy metals is fouling water everywhere, and that the damage is often worst in the very places where people most need water. In the next 50 years, an additional 3 billion people are expected to inhabit the Earth, creating even more demand for water for drinking, irrigation, and industry. But we’re polluting our cheapest and most easily accessible supply of water. (Sampat, 2000) Distribution of Freshwater: One major issue that is likely to have a major impact on freshwater’s supply and demand in the years to come is that of distribution. Like many other natural resources, freshwater’s distribution around the globe is extremely uneven. Areas inhabiting less than one third of the world’s population currently receive more than 75% of the annual rainfall. With global warming rapidly changing the environmental outlook of the globe, this natural distribution of freshwater is likely to become even more uneven. In some regions, where freshwater is available in abundance or annual rainfall is moderate enough to meet the demands of the local population, lack of proper resources and infrastructure restricts access to the freshwater supply. For instance, in South Asia, rainfall is the major source of freshwater. However, above 80 percent of the rainwater runs off too quickly to be effectively utilized. A number of methods and processes have been developed over the years to preserve freshwater resources and to ensure that runoff from the rainfall doesn’t go wasted. Dams and desalination are the two most commonly used processes world over. It should however be noted that not all countries suffering from shortage of water supply have enough resources to properly develop or employ such methods for the preservation of freshwater supply. Freshwater Resources: The Microeconomic Perspective: From a microeconomic perspective, the cost of freshwater is likely to increase sharply as soon as the planet starts running out of resources. Decline in quality of available freshwater resources such as river or lakes, change in rainfall trends and drying up of glaciers are some of the many factors that will eventually lead to a decline in the supply of freshwater in different parts of the world. Demand, on the other hand, will continue to increase as a result of an increase in population, lifestyle changes and improvement in quality of life in developing economies. The result will be a shift in the supply curve. In simple terms the price for freshwater will shoot up in the long run. There will be severe economic as well as sociopolitical consequences of such a shift in the supply curve. Economies suffering from freshwater shortages are already facing challenges that directly impact their economic performance and social progress. The only way out of this disaster is broad and extensive collaborative initiatives by the world nations to ensure the fresh water supply in the future. There should be immediate measures to be taken to sort out and cope with the problem of pollution of fresh water resources, because it is the most fatal blow on our already shrinking resources. Comprehensive awareness programs should be launched in every part of the world on local community bases so that the individuals become aware of the danger they are about to face in the near future and be prepared for it. Deliberate misuse of water should be considered a crime and extensive punitive measures should be taken in order to curb deliberate misuse and pollution of water supplies and resources. The overall condition of fresh water supply gives a clear indication that in the near future the fresh water supply will not only will be reduced but it will also become costly and the consequences will be very harsh and brutal for poor people who are already deprived off clean water supply may be completely left without water supply in the future. If immediate measures are not taken there is a very high probability that fresh water will become a luxury of the elite only and the commoners will have to survive without it if they can survive. References Hirichsen, Don & Tacio, Henrylito, (2001) The Coming Fresh Water Crisis is Already Here, Wilson Center, Retrieved on 17th March 2008 http://www. wilsoncenter. org/topics/pubs/popwawa2. pdf Middle East Faces Fresh Water Crisis, (2008) Emirates Business 24/7, Retrieved on 18th March 2008 http://www. business247. ae/cs/article_show_mainh1_story. aspx? HeadlineID=3929 Sampat Payal, (2000) The Hidden Freshwater Crisis, World Watch Institute Retrieved on 18th March 2008. http://www. worldwatch. org/node/1684 Water Politics, (2008) Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 17th March 2008 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_politics#Water_as_a_critical_resource Saijel Kishan and Madelene Pearson, Bloomberg News Published: Monday, July 03 2006 http://www. canada. com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story. html? id=60e8a4c1-b733-4f96-a85c-d723c1f4e221&k=50181 http://www. business24-7. ae/cs/article_show_mainh1_story. aspx? HeadlineID=3929

Animal Farm Essay Example for Free (#9)

Animal Farm Essay Animal Farm by George Orwell is an allegory written in 1943. It was also made into a TV film version in 1999 directed by John Stephenson, produced by Greg Smith and Robert Halmi and distributed by Hallmark Films. Animal Farm is a deceitfully simple story about a group of farm animals who are tired of living in a dystopia caused by humans. They rebel and create their own way of life, only to find themselves back in a dystopia caused by animals. The film follows the plot line of the novel closely but changes some major details. While the film and the novel Animal Farm are basically one in the same and have similar plot lines, the film had less detail, while the novel was thoroughly detailed. The differences between the film and the novel were points of view, exposition and major plots. Orwell tells the story of Animal Farm through a third person, omniscient point of view. The narrator is never involved in the action of the story, but knows everything. This point of view allows readers to see into the minds of the characters and understand their motivations. The film is told by a narrator, a character in the novel, Jessie. It explains the film in a way that she sees everything occurring. It also stops most of the dialogue between the animals and they don’t really talk like they do in the novel. Another difference between the novel and film is the exposition, which gives background information on the plot. In the novel, some of the events that occur in Animal Farm’s exposition play important roles later on in the novel. In the novels exposition, Orwell describes many of the animals that are important to the novel. In the films exposition, very little time is spent on developing the characters of the important animals. Also, the song Beasts of England is not sung in the exposition, unlike the novel, this song plays a very pivotal role later on in the novel. In the film, they don’t know the characters very well and the animals don’t really sing it, they hum it. This takes away from the mood of the song. The movie is merely an adaptation of the novel into film, so almost all the events that take place in the novel will take place in the film. Another difference between the novel and film is the major plot differences. The novel and film follow the same plot line but there are some major differences. In the novel, Old Major died about 3 days after his speech from natural causes. While in the film, Mr. Jones shoots Old Major minutes after his speech, while they’re reciting the Beasts of England song. In the novel, all of the animals could speak while in the film it was arrated by Jessie which cut the dialogue of most of the animals. The end of the film and novel differ greatly. In the novel, the animals are sadly dominated by Napolean. But in the film they somehow overthrow his power and finally bond together for another attempt at a utopia. The film covered major ideas but missed some details, characters, and small stuff that made the novel so interesting. It’s quite apparent that there are many significant differences between Animal Farm the novel and the film. There are a number of differences between the use of point of view, the exposition, and the major plots. Animal Farm is a simple story about a group of farm animals who overthrew their human dictators and their animal counterpart who dictated them also. The novel was very detailed and had many characters which made it very interesting. While the film had less details, and characters which made it a little dull, and boring. These are my comparisons of the film and novel called Animal Farm. Animal Farm. (2017, Feb 02). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Analysis of United States based television networks that service the Research Paper

Analysis of United States based television networks that service the U.S. Hispanic market - Research Paper Example On the other hand, Latino is considered broader term including different ancestries like Spanish, Brazilians etc. Thus, it can be concluded that Hispanics just involve Spanish- speaking persons from Latin America excluding Portuguese speaking Brazilians. According to the census of 2010, South America has about 85, 000 Spanish Americans in its total population composition. Most of the Hispanic population resides on the eastern parts of United States whereas Latinos prefer to have their accommodation on the western ends. As far as the total population of the United States is concerned, Hispanics constitute 16.7% of the total population and form the largest group based on ethnicity next to White Americans- a group of people composed of various other sub- groups like Latinos, Hispanics, Cuban Americans, Mexican, Colombian, Puerto Ricans, Dominican, Salvadorans and Spanish. So, just after the Native Americans, it can be well said that Hispanics are the second largest American ethnic group having roots in European ancestry. In the beginning of their arrival in U. S. Hispanics prefer to live in the Southwestern regions. Later on, in 1598, they had permanent settlements in New Mexico. In 1680, this area was transferred to Texas. However, again in 1692, Hispanics resumed their settlements in New Mexico. However, at the same time, new ones were also established in California and Arizona in the beginning of eighteenth century. Puerto Rico is believed to be the oldest settlement of early Spanish in United States. Source: (Ahaa, pars. 1) Source: (Ahaa, pars. 2) Source: (Jeffrey, pars. 1) The Significance of Media in the Lives of Hispanic Americans United States has a huge market as far as media and programming is concerned. There are hundreds and thousands of media outlets in America including commercial as well as non- commercial networks for broadcasting, advertising and marketing. Low-power Radio networks facilitating the listeners and millions of magazines are also circ ulating on daily basis. The Hispanic oriented and the most noteworthy media outlets include, Univision: This is considered the largest television network in Spanish language in the United States of America. This television network has several affiliates in the U. S. market and many international affiliates as well. Telemundo: The second largest television network in Spanish in U. S. is Telemundo having several national and international affiliates. Azteca America: Another popular television network in Spanish with affiliates in every major market of United States. Numerous international affiliates also exist, mun2: This is a cable network that extensively produces programs and content for audiences with Hispanic American and Latino origins. ConSentido TV: It is also a popular television network, newspaper and radio service that covers Hispanic audiences especially reside in North Texas. TBN Enlace, USA: It is a Christian television network which has its broadcast in Spanish language . This network is based in the state of California. 3ABN Lation: Another addition among the television networks especially focused on the programs that are specifically generated for Hispanic Americans. V-me: This network belongs to PBS network and it’s a Spanish television network. CNN: This television network is based in Atlanta: Georgia. It is a Spanish language news network.

Identification, Collection and Preservation of Trace Evidences Research Paper

Identification, Collection and Preservation of Trace Evidences - Research Paper Example Most fiber piece contains similar physical nature with majority of such pieces found in crime scene are either made from polyester or nylon. The class characteristics includes weave pattern, dyes present, cordages, fabric impressions and tears (Brown, 2001). Thus, fiber in a crime scene is hard to identify without using microscopic and a combination of chemical and instrumental tests. Fibers are normally found in fabric abrasions with some trapped within torn material. In scenes involving hit-and-run motor vehicles fibers occur on scratched sections, and in burglary incidences they are normally found in tattered screens, clothing and broken glass (Brown, 2001). Collection is based on length of the fibers, such that if the fibers are undersized or few in numbers, the investigator is required to wrap the region or the entire product comprising the fibers in a paper (DuPre, 2013). However, if the fibers are large or in greater numbers, the investigator should place them in a bindle that is then placed in a sealed and marked coin envelope (Dutelle, 2011). The fibers should be picked up on tape if the lab in that jurisdiction permits it but with defined requirements. All clothing of belonging to an individual from which the fibers are found to have come from should also be picked for comparison purposes. Every garment should be placed on uncontaminated sheet of paper before separately rolling it up after marking the exhibit. Loose fibers should not be positioned directly into mailing wrapper since they can be lost (Buckles, 2010). Firearms Class characteristics found in firearms largely arises from the impact of bullets fired from the firearm, s uch as number and width of grooves, course of twist, or bullet diameter, in addition to the caliber and rifling patterns inside the barrel (DuPre, 2013). The cartridges and casings also have class characteristics like breech marks, impressions created by firing pin, in addition to extractor and ejector marks (Buckles, 2010). Firearms are easy to identify when there is transfer of the individual distinctiveness, chiefly striated marks left from the firearm to bullet and cartridge ammunition component (Brown, 2001). In terms of collection, the firearm should not be picked up through placing any other object in the barrel terminal. Unfired cartridges should not be left inside the magazine if the magazine is separated from the gun even as the rifles and shotguns must not be dismantled (Buckles, 2010). The investigator should not clean the firearm bore, chamber, or cylinder until they are submitted or even try to fire the firearm before it is evaluated in the Lab. Moreover, firearm havin g a cartridge inside the chamber must never be transported by any method since the firearm is not cocked or on-safety (Brown, 2001). The investigator should also record serial number, model, the firearm make, in addition to the weapon caliber (Hess & Orthmann, 2009). Marking should be done using an inconspicuous method that does not detract from its value, since copy serial numbers are sometimes on different firearms of a similar make and general-type. Nonetheless, model numbers and the firearm patent numbers should

The Socio-cultural Impact of Media Freedom in Pakistan and Its Term Paper

The Socio-cultural Impact of Media Freedom in Pakistan and Its Implications for Public Expression and Information Accessibility - Term Paper Example e then allowed to participate in proper elections this time in 1988 but the transition to democracy has been a continuous struggle between the military and civilian organisations. In short, where some democratic practices have been permitted, they have usually been partial, controlled and incomplete under the rule of the military (Zaidi, N.d.) or else manipulated under the occasional civilian rule. The pattern that emerges from this brief historical overview is that the degree of democracy has been generally (though not steadily) increasing in Pakistan over the past few decades. It has been a difficult process of political development however, as Pakistan has had to struggle with all the associated problems since its independence from British rule in 1947, such as â€Å"identity, legitimacy, integration, penetration, participation and distribution† (Bahadur, 1998: 14). Still, one essential element for implementing a true democratic framework only came about at the start of the present 21st century. That element is media freedom. Previous transitions to democracy lacked the degree of freedom of the media that is present today The importance of media freedom Media freedom allows the citizens to be better informed and therefore become involved in important issues or even challenge the government when necessary in order to ensure a healthy democracy. With the increasing complexity of modern society, it is necessary more than ever for ordinary citizens to be able to express themselves on public matters and access information that concerns them and which they have a right to know about. As Dahr Jamail (2006) said, â€Å"Since an informed citizenry is the basis for a healthy democracy, independent, non-corporate media are more crucial today than ever before†. Although these... From the report it is clear that media freedom allows the citizens to be better informed and therefore become involved in important issues or even challenge the government when necessary in order to ensure a healthy democracy. With the increasing complexity of modern society, it is necessary more than ever for ordinary citizens to be able to express themselves on public matters and access information that concerns them and which they have a right to know about. As the essay stresses media freedom is a recent phenomenon in Pakistan’s history. With the freeing of the media in Pakistan, the media landscape is very different now compared to how it was in the past. Previously, in the 1990s there were only a limited number of private operators, i.e. in addition to the state media. The power wielded by the state controlled media was evident, for example, when General Zia-ul-Haqq mandated a massive media campaign to discredit the popular civilian leader Zulfiiqar Ali Bhutto who was later executed. During Zia’s era, the power of the judiciary too was restricted. The media has had to struggle to maintain its freedom. There have been a number of both verbal and physical attacks on some private media offices and personnel by the government. There have also been periods of intense political pressure and during which bans have been imposed discussed further on. The vulnerability of the media in creating â€Å"an opportunity for the systema tic, sustained, and nationwide use of new media platforms† showed during this time.

The Chemical Detection of Cocaine-Contaminated Currency Essay

The Chemical Detection of Cocaine-Contaminated Currency - Essay Example Hence, the second method is needed for recognition. The additional technique is termed as mass spectrophotometry. A technique avails information of the make-up of the particular constituents of the compound on the note. The combination of these two methods is called GC/MS (Acheson, 1991). The method aids in the investigation of cocaine. Cocaine is a banned substance, hence, law enforcers have to ensure that they find the means of how to detect cocaine in clients if any. According to Acheson(n.d.), cocaine has been use for long. It contains compounds called alkaloids. They are termed as alkaloids as they are basic in acidic media. As a sample, cocaine is interesting as it is said to give a person the feeling of immense power. It also has its many uses in spite of its illegality. Cocaine is obtained from its source as cocaine hydrochloride salt. Why did the study opt for the method and samples used? The study opted to utilize GC/MS technique because it enables of the total identification of the flash (Acheson, 1991). Acheson, E. (1991, 10 16). A Case Study Involing the Chemical Detection of Cocaine-Contaminated currency. Decatur, IL, Kenya. Retrivied from:

Motivation and Retention of Adult Online Sophomore Students Research Proposal - 1

Motivation and Retention of Adult Online Sophomore Students - Research Proposal Example The purpose of the study is to find out â€Å"Why the level of adult online dropout is increasing and how to motivate and retain the adult online sophomore students?† Various issues that may lead to an online dropout may vary from issue of isolation, disconnectedness to technological problems. According to an online survey conducted to understand the various reasons of online dropouts of sophomore students, reasons are varied and unique to each individual dropout. Although there are very less literature work as well as national statistics on online adult sophomore dropouts, a recent report published in â€Å"Chronicle of Higher Education† indicates that â€Å"Institutions report dropout rates ranging from 20 to 50 percent for online learners and administrators of online courses agree that dropout rates are often 10 to 20 percentage points higher in online offerings than in their face-to-face counterparts† (Frankola, n.d.). The Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP), in a research report conducted in the 1999, on the effectiveness of online learning, found that there are higher rate of sophomore dropouts in online learning than the traditional institutions. There are two theories which may provide an outline on dropout of online adult sophomore students. Tinto’s Student Integration Model and Bean’s Model of Student Departure are the two theories. The â€Å"Tinto’s Student Integration Model theory theorizes how well the individual’s motivation and academic ability match the institution’s academic and social characteristics. This match shapes a person’s commitment to completing college and commitment to the institution. The second theory, Bean’s Model of Student Departure, predicts persistence based on behavioral intention† (Willging & Johnson, 2004, p. 104). According to the US Census Bureau (2000), â€Å"one in every three Americans is a sophomore dropout†. It is becoming a