Is MDMA (ecstasy) a safe drug to take Essay Example

Is MDMA (ecstasy) a safe drug to take Essay Example Is MDMA (ecstasy) a safe drug to take Essay Is MDMA (ecstasy) a safe drug to take Essay 1 Is MDMA ( rapture ) a safe drug to take? Discuss in relation to findings from recent research. MDMA or Ecstasy ( besides known by a figure of different names, such as vitamin E, x, and eckies ) is a psychedelic drug, a drug which primary alters perceptual experience, knowledge or temper ( Abraham, Aldridge A ; Gogia, 1996 ) . It is said to advance feelings of love, friendly relationship and euphory. ( Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee, 2003 ) . Some users claim that the drug helps them to swear others and to understand themselves better ( Greer, G. A ; Tolbert, 1986 ) . It normally comes in the signifier of a pill which is ingested. However, unwanted effects of MDMA can include fainting, sickness and emesis, a rushing bosom, teeth grinding, and katzenjammer effects which can last for a figure of yearss such as fatigue, and depression. To explicate these conflicting positions of how the dyspepsia of Ecstasy can impact the human encephalon, experiments on animate beings have been performed. Green et Al ( 2003 ) argue that MDMA decreases encephalon degrees of 5-hydroxytryptamine in animate beings, and amendss the subdivisions through which serotonin-producing nerve cells reach out and link to other cells. The function 5-hydroxytryptamine is known to set temper, emotion, slumber and appetency. Therefore 5-hydroxytryptamine is a cardinal mechanism in the control of legion behavioral and physiological maps. Decreased serotoninergic neurotransmission has been implied to play a cardinal function in the cause of depression. The concentration of synaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine is controlled straight by its re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminus and, therefore, drugs barricading 5-hydroxytryptamine conveyance have been successfully used for the intervention of depression. Therefore, the euphory effects of Ecstasy can be assum ed to alleviate systems of unhappiness and anxiousness – nevertheless, the overall effects of taking the drug have negative effects for the serotoninergic system. Therefore, Ecstasy can non be classified as a safe drug to take in the chase of alleviating depressive symptoms. However, these consequences have been occurred through experiments on animate beings. It is hence hard to reassign these effects in the animate being encephalon to deduce that alterations in the human encephalons will be the same. To battle these disagreements McCann et Al ( 1994 ) have investigated the long term harm that taking Ecstasy can hold on the human encephalon. Using a radioactive chemical that binds to serotonin receptors, the research workers have shown from antielectron emanation imaging encephalon scans that Ecstasy users have fewer receptors for the neurotransmitter. They conclude that ‘MDMA is toxic to encephalon 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.’ However, this is non the lone effect of devouring the drug. Research workers have found that MDMA has affects on the cognitive procedures – such as thought and memory. Surveies have confirmed that MDMA users suffer poorer memory and impaired idea procedures, compared with people who have nt tried the drug ( Morgan, 2000 ) . It has besides been found to interfere with procedures such as sleep rhythms ( Allen et al, 1993 ) . However, the job with imputing these effects to ecstasy is that people who take MDMA, it can non be ruled out that these people often stay up wholly dark dancing and may besides take other drugs. To look into the stray effects of rapture, Ricaurte et Al ( 2002 ) , gave squirrel monkeys and baboons doses of the drug that they claimed were similar to those taken by some clubbers in a individual dark. This dosage administrated to the animate beings was found to wholly destruct nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter Dopastat, and led to a status similar t o Parkinson s disease. Furthermore, 2 out of the 10 animate beings died. Ricaurte et Al ( 2002 ) conclude that A immature person who sustains hurt to these dopamine cells and depletes their modesty may be at greater hazard of paralysis agitans. It is widely-accepted from literature reappraisals that encephalon Dopastat declines with age ; hence, taking the drug Ecstasy AIDSs to rush up the aging procedure and susceptibleness for developing diseases such a Parkinson’s. However, how relevant is this scientific grounds to users of the drug itself? Whiteaker ( 2004 ) conducted qualitative research in the signifier of questionnaires to detect how users and non-users perceived the safeness of the drug. It was found that the two groups had different constructs in respects to the possible dangers of Ecstasy. Nearly half of the drug users questioned describing that they felt the drug was reasonably safe to utilize. The non-user felt it was reasonably insecure ( and mostly set this down to the deficiency of information they felt they had about the drug ) . In mention to the side-effects of taking ecstasy, the bulk of users ( 64.6 % ) reported ‘coming down’ and 29.2 % reported doing bad determinations as the effects of taking the drug.While one tierce of drug users reported side effects, and 43.8 % of users reported bad yearss, these responses are ill-defined as to exactly what injuries are being experienced by users. Less than a 6th of the resp ondents in Whiteaker ( 2004 ) research reported no injuries, nevertheless, it is non clear how many times these people used the drug, as six of them reported that they did non utilize any more. Consequently they may hold experienced no injury as a effect of merely seeking Ecstasy the one time, hence, these consequences are non really representative, and it is inaccurate to generalize findings from these responses. Different responses were made for the reactions of users and non-users in response to the possibility of if they find themselves or a friend in problem. Drug users were reported to follow schemes such as imbibing H2O. This may be explained by their greater instruction sing the dangers of desiccation. However, it needs to be noted that this can besides be a unsafe method of covering with the state of affairs, for illustration, in the instance of Anna Wood, have really died from inordinate hydration ( Sabin, 2002 ) . Therefore, to measure whether MDMA ( Ecstasy ) is a safe drug to take, is a complex inquiry and needs mention to non merely the scientific grounds, but the societal deductions of drug usage. The relevancy of scientific research about the harmful effects of the drug bears small connexion to the grounds why people choose or do non take to experiment with the drug. Highlighted in Whiteaker ( 2004 ) research is that instruction is a valuable thing – non needfully to warn people off from the drug, but to educate them on how they can react in a troubled state of affairs. However, we can non disregard the scientific grounds that taking Ecstasy can hold profound effects on one’s cognitive and emotional province. Therefore, to claim Ecstasy is a safe drug is non a feasible option – and anyone who uses the drug should utilize it with cautiousness. Mentions Diaries Abraham, H. D. , Aldridge, A. M. A ; Gogia, P. ( 1996 ) .Neuropsychopharmacology 14, 285–298 Allen, R. P. , McCann, U. D. A ; Ricaurte, G. A. ( 1993 )Sleep 16, 560–564 Greer, G. A ; Tolbert, R. J. ( 1986 ) .Psychoactive Drugs 18, 319–327. ChemPort Green, A. R. , Mechan, A. O. , Elliott, J. M. , OShea, E. A ; Colado, M. I. ( 2003 ) .Pharmacol. Rev. 55, 463–508. McCann, U. D. , Ridenour, A. , Shaham, Y. A ; Ricaurte, G. A. ( 1994 ) .Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 129–138. Morgan, M. J. ( 2000 ) .Psychopharmacology 152, 230–248. Ricaurte, G. A. , Yuan, J. , Hatzidimitriou, G. , Cord, B. J. A ; McCann, U. D. ( 2002 ) .Science 297, 2260–2263. Internet Sabin, K. ( 2002 ) Drugs and Death Retrieved on 31 March 2004 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.newsreview.com/issues/sacto/2002-05-16/news.asp Whiteaker ( 2004 )‘The New Youth Drug Culture: Friends, Parties and Drug Cocktails ‘A study of university pupils about ‘party drug’ usage. VAADA. The University of Melbourne. Cited on hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vaada.org.au/Party % 20Drugs % 20Report % 20June % 2004.doc. Other Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee ( 2004 and 2003 ) , Inquiry into Amphetamines and Party Drug Use in Victoria, Melbourne.

Definition and Examples of Ethnic Dialects

Definition and Examples of Ethnic Dialects An ethnic dialect is the distinct form of a language spoken by members of a particular ethnic group. Also called socioethnic dialect. Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet Fuller point out that ethnic dialects are not simply foreign accents of the majority language, as many of their speakers may well be monolingual speakers of the majority language. . . . Ethnic dialects are ingroup ways of speaking the majority language (An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 2015). In the United States, the two most widely studied ethnic dialects are  African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)  and Chicano English  (also known as Hispanic Vernacular English).   Commentary People who live in one place talk differently from people in another place due largely to the settlement patterns of that areathe linguistic characteristics of the people who settled there are the primary influence on that dialect, and the speech of most people in that area shares similar dialect features. However, . . . African American English is spoken primarily by Americans of African descent; its unique characteristics were due initially to settlement patterns as well but now persist due to the social isolation of African Americans and the historical discrimination against them. African American English is therefore more accurately defined as an ethnic dialect than as a regional one. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010) Ethnic Dialects in the U.S. The desegregation of ethnic communities is an ongoing process in American society that continually brings speakers of different groups into closer contact. However, the result of contact is not always the erosion of ethnic dialect boundaries. Ethnolinguistic distinctiveness can be remarkably persistent, even in face of sustained, daily inter-ethnic contact. Ethnic dialect varieties are a product of cultural and individual identity as well as a matter of simple contact. One of the dialect lessons of the twentieth century is that speakers of ethnic varieties like Ebonics not only have maintained but have even enhanced their linguistic distinctiveness over the past half century. (Walt Wolfram, American Voices: How Dialects Differ From Coast to Coast. Blackwell, 2006) Although no other ethnic dialect has been studied to the extent that AAVE has, we know that there are other ethnic groups in the United States with distinctive linguistic characteristics: Jews, Italians, Germans, Latinos, Vietnamese, Native Americans, and Arabs are some examples. In these cases the distinctive characteristics of English are traceable to another language, such as Jewish English oy vay from Yiddish or the southeastern Pennsylvania Dutch (actually German) Make the window shut. In some cases, the immigrant populations are too new to determine what lasting effects the first language will have on English. And, of course, we must always keep in mind that language differences never fall into discrete compartments even though it may seem that way when we try to describe them. Rather, such factors as region, social class, and ethnic identity will interact in complicated ways. (Anita K. Berry, Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education. Greenwood, 2002)

The Changing World Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Changing World - Assignment Example The assignment "The Changing World" discusses the issue of how rapidly the world is changing as whatever was in place twenty-five years ago, is not the same today and will not be so in the next twenty-five years. And dreaming helps to make things happen as once upon a time, video calling, using the internet and traveling at such fast speed across the world was a dream for most people. The next twenty-five years will help the world witnessed a plethora of changes that affect human lives in general. The technological aspects and potential in the world are immense today, and many scientists from renowned institutes all over the world have stated how speed is going to give its definition a run for its money. In the computer industry, communication, information transfer and using technology will become a much easier job with great speeds that are unimaginable to man today. The use of silicon chips, faster processing systems etc will all help to share information and resources in a much easier and transparent manner. The environment is also a great aspect of what the future might hold in store. Today, it is being abused by a man and thus steps are being taken in order to preserve and conserve greenery in order to have a better future for the generations to come. Global warming should be countered in the future with better technology, the earth will definitely witness some unwanted changes what with the kind of natural calamities and disasters that have been striking because of environmental changes in the atmosphere.

Radiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Radiology - Essay Example Each of these is important in recognizing radiological feature, ascribing a level of importance to the various finding in a single radiograph, and interpreting them, in conjunction with other available information.Knowledge of the clinical reason for requiring the radiographic investigation will provide background information to link with the radiological finding, and will often pose specific questions that need to be answer. It is important to decide if the question is been adequately answered, and if not plan the next stage of the investigation.Radiology is not limited for some uses; it is used in approximately all the field of treatment of diseases. Radiology is been used in Cardiology, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Hematology, Neurology, Renal, Skeletal, and Respiratory Medicine. In these fields different types of radiograph is been used for different fields such as for the complete scanning of brain, CT-scan is used and for the complete bodies a different type. The type of radiology, which is been used in the field of dental surgery, is either plain radiology or a different type, as plain radiology, shows limited evidence of pathology and the signs are subtle. We have to discuss about the usage of radiography in the field of dental surgeries, this can solve the problems regarding the present use of radiography in the dental field. We have to consider the standard guidelines and methods given by the Government organizations for overcoming the problems with radiography used for dental surgeries. About the Dental profession: As we, all know that the dental profession is committed to delivering the highest quality of care to each of its individual patient and... In most of the countries, the health and safety at work statistic’s states that every person working in a hospital or general practice (referred to as HCW’s) has a legal duty to ensure that all necessary steps are taken to prevent cross-infection to protect themselves, their colleagues and the patients. In addition, the management of health and safety regulations 1992 requires that a risk assessment is carried out for all procedures to reduce the possibility of harm to staff and patients. Effective infection control measures are therefore required in dental radiography even though most investigations are regarded as non-invasive or non-exposure prone procedures because they do not involve breaches of the mucosa or skin. The main risk of cross-infection is from one patient to another from salivary contamination of work areas and equipment. HCW’s themselves are not a great risk during radiography but there are no grounds for complacency. This paper makes a conclusion that a dentist must know the patient’s health history and Vulnerability to oral disease, is in the best position to make this judgment in the interest of each patient. For this reason, the guidelines are intended to serve as a resource for the practitioner and are not intended to be a standard of care, requirement, or regulations. A Dentist must always understand the problem of the patient and as per the guidelines; a dentist must perform his operation so that the patient does not complain of any kind of problem in future.

Power of the Oppressed in George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essay

Power of the Oppressed Exposed in Shooting an Elephant  Ã‚      In Burma, the Indian Imperial Police consisted of British officers who, in theory, supported the extension of power and dominion of a nation, which is the basis of imperialism. George Orwell decided to follow family tradition when he went to Burma to work for the Indian Imperial Police, yet "when he realized how much against their will the Burmese were ruled by the British, he felt increasingly ashamed of his role as an alien police officer" (Britannica). In his narrative, "Shooting An Elephant", George Orwell realizes that throughout his entire rule in Burma he is actually the victim of the Burmese, and it is their expectations of what he should do with his power that force him to do what they want. Looking back upon his experience as an officer of the imperialistic regime, Orwell recalls a crucial morning when he is asked to deal with an elephant that has escaped from its "mahout" or caretaker, and "has gone must" (310). On this day Orwell realizes that he is unable to make choices according to his own beliefs but must act according to the demands of the "natives" who have been deprived of their own country. Orwell acknowledges that "imperialism [is] an evil thing and the sooner [he] chucked up [his] job and got out of it the better" (310). He is constantly reminded of the abuse inflicted upon the native people as he observes at first hand the "wretched prisoners huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the gray, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, and the scarred buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboos" (310). Very prevalent is the anti-European sentiment among the "natives" of Burma; this prejudice nearly makes his job impossible. T... ..."natives" feel obliged to test the imperialists’ authority (or lack thereof) as a means of keeping some control over their country. The imperialists believe that they are keeping control by acting resolutely, but as Orwell shows in "Shooting An Elephant", they put on this act to satisfy and appease the wishes of the "natives." In imperialism, the oppressed indirectly hold the actual power and control over those that falsely believe to be the oppressors. Works Cited Orwell, George. Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1946. Rpt. The McGraw-Hill Reader: Issues across the Disciplines. 7th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Smyer, Richard I. Primal Dream and Primal Crime : Orwell's Development as a Psychological Novelist, University of MissouriPress, Colombia 1979. http://www.britannica.com/

Managing Information Systems Case Study Ch. 9-Thl

Dawn Ruedy Case Study Ch. 9 THL 1. A. The benefits of having policy determined by rules rather than computer codes is the application programs in the Aurora system access and process the business rules when deciding vehicle availability. With rules being arranged and easy to use, an analyst is able to alter reservation policies without technical support from personnel. B. Some consequences of an incorrect rule being entered are blocking the correct vehicle from being rented, incorrect recommendations by renting the wrong vehicle in the wrong location.As a result, business analysts may be unable to help customers. These mistakes could end up being very expensive for THL, costing them revenue by not being able to provide their customers with the correct services. Unfortunately, this could also throw future reports off that THL depends on. Some of these reports include vehicles that are to be checked out and returned to each rental location, which vehicles need to be transferred to a di fferent location and which ones need maintenance. C. If I managed the reservation system at THL, I would use the Expert systems process for the modification of rules.By applying the If/Then rules and processing those rules to make a diagnosis or recommendation, decision making would be improved by the nonexperts by encoding, saving and processing expert knowledge. 2. A. The value $3,697 is the total of the car rental brands Maui ($1,577) and Britz ($2,121) in Australia in April of 2005. $1,577 is the dollar amount spent on the Maui car rental package in Australia in 2005 and $2,121 is the dollar amount spent on the Britz car rental package. B. The Britz package is more popular package than the Maui package in Australia.THL is making no money on the Backpacker and Explore More packages. New Zealand rentals are more profitable. C. If the first column (geographic area) was switched with the third column (brand), I think on the left AU and NZ would be seen. Then, to the right would be t he amounts for each of the 4 packages and the totals. 3. Customer Reservation Data: A. Report Applications-which package was the most profitable and how much it was requested by customers. B. Market-basket analysis-which products could be purchased together C.Unsupervised data mining-review the data and observe the results, Cluster analysis D. Supervised data mining-predict when repeat customers will return- E. I like D the best, because it helps bring repeat customers back, C is good too because it describes who their customers are. I would then choose A to understand customers and how they should advertise. Last, I would choose B. 4. A. I choose California to have the best chance at success in the United States. California offers a variety of activities including beaches, Disneyland, national parks, mountains and wineries.California is a larger state with a variety of climates and sunshine. Market size would be larger than the other options, which I would assume means a better eco nomy and more money to spend. B. THL’s competitive advantage is their experience in this tourism area, having operations internationally. C. THL’s competitive vulnerabilities include figuring out their clients and how to approach the market and competition. D. The online reservation system adds value to the new operations by its easy to use functions and convenience for customers.E. Since THL headquarters will be so far away from the new US business, building a trusting relationship with customers may become a problem. Not having any face to face relationship building. Of course, this can be remedied with video chatting and new technology. 5. With the use of social media and their website using webcams, THL can see what their clients are saying about their customer service and if they are satisfied. Which will then help THL make improvements to their services and products.

The Influence Of Shaming Tactics On The Media And Its...

It is no secret that media outlets will say or do just about anything to sell a magazine or increase site traffic, and considering the exposure rate, how much do these headlines influence our responses? I intend to show the impact of shaming tactics in the media and its influence on responses at the societal level. By considering the media’s contribution to rape culture and drug use, we can begin to see the parallels between society’s responses to issues and how the media has framed them. Rape Culture Victim Blaming Rape culture is defined as â€Å"a culture in which dominant cultural ideologies, media images, social practices, and societal institutions support and condone sexual abuse by normalizing, trivializing and eroticizing male violence against women and blaming victims for their own abuse† (Kacmarek, 2014). Victim blame is present in just about any kind of assault case, but we will look at two cases of idolized men assaulting women. When women come forward with sexual assault allegations, the media’s response is to frame the people involved. The victim is framed by sexualizing, describing their state during the attack, or assume they are just seeking attention. The suspect is framed as a playboy, sociopath, or a monster. The domestic violence case of Rihanna and Chris Brown (2009) is an interesting case of victim blaming because at first, everyone supported Rihanna and held Brown accountable for his actions. However, the media shifted the blame to Rihanna by using herShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmodernist ontology: the ordered world of the modernist organization The epistemological level: the scientific approach to organization The technologies: how modernists get things done How modernist organization theory continues to influence the understanding and exploration of organizations: the organization as system General Systems Theory General Systems Theory builds hierarchies of knowledge that relate to different levels of sophistication in understanding organizations The basic systems of the organization:Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Import ant Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesINTRODUCTION †¢ 3 ethnic minorities, and gays—made strides that were perhaps greater than all of those achieved in previous history combined. During the same time span, however, state tyranny and brutal oppression reached once unimaginable levels—in large part due to the refinement or introduction of new technologies of repression and surveillance and modes of mass organization and control. Breakthroughs in the sciences that greatly enhanced our understandings of the natural world and made